The story behind Chelnov: Atomic Runner begins with a nuclear power station explosion that exposes Chelnov, a coal miner, to radiation. After surviving the accident, he discovers he has developed extraordinary powers. Determined to make amends, Chelnov sets out to escape his home country and navigate across the globe to reach the United States.
The gameplay in Chelnov: Atomic Runner is defined by its forced scrolling mechanism, where the screen moves continuously from left to right. Players must adapt to this movement while avoiding obstacles and enemies that attack from all directions. Chelnov can switch his direction of movement to attack enemies that are behind him, adding a layer of strategy to the game. Power-ups dropped by defeated enemies can be collected to enhance Chelnov's abilities.
The original Chelnov: Atomic Runner features level design and enemy placement identical to its later Genesis release, but with distinct graphics. The story has also undergone changes; instead of being a nuclear survivor, Chelnov is the son of a scientist whose father was murdered by the Deathtarians. With his father's special suit, Chelnov gains superhuman powers and becomes an "Atomic Runner". Now on the run from the Deathtarians, he must navigate various ancient human civilizations to reach his goal.