Somalia: A Brief History
Wrapped around the Horn of Africa, Somalia has struggled to become a unified nation after centuries of foreign occupation and internal clan fighting. Initially populated only by indigenous tribes, Somalia's position astride lucrative trade routes and lack of a cohesive government made it a prime target for foreign control as early as the 6th century.
The first prominent government of the area was the Sultanate of Adel, formed by Arab tribes along the Gulf of Aden in the 600s. In the 1500s, the Portuguese dismantled the ruling Arab Sultanate and took control of the northern coastline. By the end of the 18th century, the region was occupied by the Ottoman Empire to the north and by the Sultan of Zanzibar to the south.
Following the construction of the Suez Canal in 1869, Somalia came under control of England in the north and Italy in the south. Both nations would have a lasting impact on the people and landscape of Somalia. The southern region, known as Italian Somaliland, saw the Italian language, architecture, and food become staples in their society.
Independence and Revolutions
It was not until a United Nations mandate in 1960 that the Republic of Somalia was officially born. The celebration was to be short-lived as only nine years later General Siad Barre would lead a military revolt to take control of the fledgling nation. The suspension of the constitution and dissolution of Parliament were some of the first orders carried out by his regime.
Initially, Barre's rule was backed by the Soviet government as he attempted to modernize the country. Some reforms were enacted, but growing corruption, inefficiency, and bloody suppression of opposing factions overshadowed any progress.
Following an unsuccessful Somali invasion of the Ogaden region of Ethiopia (populated by ethnic Somali), Barre lost the backing of the Soviets who decided to aid the newly installed Ethiopian regime instead. Barre then turned to the United States for support. The U.S. and Soviets were well entrenched in the Cold War by this point, and the U.S. government was more than willing to ally with Barre in exchange for strategic military bases in the region.
Over time, the opposition to Barre and his brutal suppression of dissident groups rose. After years of bloody civil wars, Barre was forced to flee the country on January 27, 1991. None of the opposition forces were able to fill the power vacuum and the Somali government collapsed. Amidst the chaos, rival clans fought for power and the capital city of Mogadishu was split by factional boundaries.
Famine, Warlords and the UN
By the end of the Siad Barre regime, Somalia had already endured years of famine caused by natural disasters and the continual fighting that made it impossible to plant crops. Humanitarian groups estimated that between January 1991 and January 1992 over 300,000 Somalis died from starvation and 50,000 from factional in-fighting.
In view of these massive losses, and despite continued fighting among the numerous armed clans in Somalia, the UN embarked on a series of missions to alleviate the famine and bring security to the region. The first phase of the operation, UNOSOM (United Nations Operation: Somalia), began in April of 1992, and was supported by numerous UN member nations, including the United States. The U.S. dubbed their contribution to the mission "Operation Provide Relief".
The humanitarian mission was immediately hampered by general lawlessness, looting and multiple ruling factions throughout the country. The UN claimed that it had more than enough relief supplies, but was unable to get them to the areas where they were needed.
To combat the armed militias and to provide security for the UN personnel, the United Task Force (UNITAF) was assembled. Approved by President George H. W. Bush just weeks before leaving office, UNITAF was deployed with 28,000 U.S. troops and 9,000 more from other UN member countries.
Given the U.S. name of "Operation Restore Hope", UNITAF was considered a separate mission in Somalia and operated in concert with UNOSOM forces. It was planned from the beginning to be a temporary mission to restore order in the region.
On May 4, 1993, UNITAF began the scheduled reduction of its forces and merged with the newly formed UNOSOM II. Command of the remaining troops was passed to UN control. The United States' contribution to UNOSOM II was called "Operation Continue Hope."
June 5, 1993
Though many clans in Somalia welcomed UN intervention, mistrust still gripped a few others who refused to sign onto a widely accepted cease-fire agreement. Some clans used starvation of their opponents as a weapon and saw the UN as a threat to their power base.
This mistrust became more than evident when 24 Pakistanis delivering food were ambushed and killed by armed clan members on June 5, 1993. The UN was shocked and an investigation determined that it was troops loyal to General Aidid and his Mogadishu based Habr Gedir clan militia that were responsible.
The UN declared Aidid the biggest obstacle to peace in the region. The U.S. and President Bill Clinton concurred and deployed Task Force Ranger (TFR) to arrest Aidid.
Images
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Somalis wait outside the Bangladesh Army compound to try to obtain a day's work. The Bangladeshis operate a food-for-work program during their support for UNOSOM II.
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A Somali man handing out a mixture of corn and beans to a small child at one of the food distribution points in Belet Huen, Somalia.
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